A new therapy using ‘smart’ nanoparticles to deliver mRNA directly to tumors could help reprogram immune cells and fight cancer more effectively. The research, led by Professor Chunxia Zhao from the University of Adelaide, targets tumor-associated macrophages, which can hinder the immune system’s ability to combat cancer. By delivering mRNA that produces CXCL9, a chemical signal to recruit T cells, the therapy aims to overcome the obstacles posed by the tumor environment.

The nanoparticles, equipped with targeting antibodies, ensure the mRNA reaches only the relevant cells, reducing the risk of side effects. Initial results in mice showed promising increases in CXCL9 levels and T-cell activity, with a notable reduction in immunosuppressive macrophages. When combined with existing immunotherapies, the treatment generated a more active immune response within the tumors and nearby lymph nodes.

While the study provides a significant proof of concept, further research is needed to ensure safety before clinical trials can begin. Professor Zhao’s team sees this as a step towards more targeted cancer immunotherapies, but acknowledges the journey ahead remains long and complex.